21.0
21.1
21.2
21.2.1
21.2.2
21.2.3
21.2.4
21.2.5
21.2.6

21.3.1
21.3.2
21.3.3
21.3.4
21.3.5

Modal verbs - an introduction
Conjugation of modal verbs with a plain verb
Modal verb in German
wollen = to want to
müssen = must, to have to
möchten = to like
dürfen = may
sollen = shall
nicht brauchen = to not need to

Exercise 1: modal verbs
Exercise 2: reported speech
Exercise 3: reported speech II
Exercise 4: translation
Exercise 5: modal verbs II

22.0
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
22.10
22.11
22.12
22.13
22.14
22.15
22.16
22.17
22.18
22.19
22.20
22.21
22.22
22.23
22.24
22.25
22.26
22.27
22.28
22.29
22.30
22.31
22.32
22.33
22.34
22.35
22.36
22.37
22.38
22.39
22.40
22.41
22.42
22.43
22.44
22.45
22.46
22.47
22.48
22.49
22.50
22.51
22.52
22.53
22.54
22.55
22.56
22.57
22.58
22.59
22.60
22.61
22.62
22.63
22.64
22.65
22.66
22.67
22.68
22.69
22.70
22.71
22.72
22.73
22.74
22.75
22.76
22.77
22.78
22.79
22.80
22.81
22.82

22.83

22.84
22.85
22.86

Conjunctions - an introduction
aber = but
aber allein = but only
aber auch = but also
aber selbst gesetzt den Fall = even in case that
aber dennoch = but still
aber doch = but still
aber trotzdem = but even though
allein die Tatsache dass = the mere fact that
als = when
eher.... als dass = rather ... than, it's more likely that ... than
also = this means
anstatt = instead of
auch wenn = even if
bis = until
da = since
dass = that
denn = because
dennoch = anyway, still
deshalb = that's why
doch = but
ehe = before
entweder ... oder = either ... or
falls = if
gesetzt den Fall = in case
selbst gesetzt den Fall = even in case
gleichwohl = anyway, still
im Falle dass = in case that
indem = by + gerund
insofern als = in this respect
und insofern = and in this respect
insoweit = insofar, as far as
je ... desto = the ... the
jedoch = but
nachdem = after
nun = now
nur = only
nur insoweit = only as far as
ob = whether
obgleich = even though, although
obschon = even though, although
obwohl = even though, although
obzwar = even though, although
oder = or
oder vielmehr = or rather
ohne = without
ohne dass = without that
seitdem = since
so... wie = as ... as
solange = as long as, while
sowie = as soon as, when
sodass = (so) that
sofern = as long as
sondern = but
sondern auch = but also
soweit = as far as
sowohl ... als auch = as well as
statt = instead
um zu = for
und = and
und da = and because
und daher = and therefore
und darum = and therefore
und dennoch = and still
und deshalb = and therefore
und deswegen = and therefore
und doch = and still
und so = and so
und somit = and so
und zudem = and in addition
und zwar = no literal translation
ungeachtet der Tatsache dass = notwithstanding the fact that
weil = because
wenn = if
wenn auch = although
wenngleich = even though, although
wenn... schon = if ... then
wohingegen = whereas
während = while
zu = to
zudem = additionally
zumal = especially as
warum = why

Summary

Exercise 1:
Exercise 2:
Exercise 3:

Relative clauses - an introduction
What's a relative pronoun?
What determines gender, number and declension of a relative pronoun?
Relative pronouns that are not declined
Relative pronouns - der, die, das
Relative clauses that determine places and times
Relative clauses that determine ideas
Alternative relative pronouns
Relative pronouns - wofür, womit, woran, worauf
Relative pronouns with prepositions

Exercise 1:
Exercise 2:
Exercise 3:
Exercise 4:
Exercise 5: